![]() Set input pin of chip under test to logic lowĬlock pin will be toggled from 0 to 1 to 0 during the test caseĮxpect logic low output from chip under testĮxpect logic high output from chip under testĮxpect high impedance output from chip under testĭont care - pin gets set with a weak pull downĮxploring the function of the device - reads the signal at the pin by applying a pullup/down check to confirm it's state as one of 1/0/Z Set input pin of chip under test to logic high GND of chip under test (set gpioL to low set gpioH to low) VCC of chip under test (set gpioL to high set gpioH to high) The python script " convertTxtDatabaseToC.py" performs the import and conversion. In fact this device can import tests that have been defined for Smart IC Tester because the syntax here is a strict superset. This test pattern syntax used here is based on that used by Smart IC Tester but is extended to include various new features including Z testing as well as codes that relate to exploratory testing that are unique to this device. The '/' character is a separator character that can be used anywhere in the test case and is ignored by the test framwork. Where the pin is an input then the codes define whether the signal applied should be a 1 or 0, and where the pin is an output then the codes specify what the expectations are of the pin's value for example whether the pin ought to be asserting a logic 1 or 0 output or whether it ought to be high impedance.Įxample: The test case "111G/HHZV" specifies the values and expectations of the pins from pin 1 to pin 8 in order, where pins 1-3 all as inputs set to logic 1, pin 4 will be the GND pin, we expect pins 5,6 to be outputs with logic high, pin 7 an outut in the high-impedance state, and pin 8 is Vcc. Usage Step1: Understand the test case specificationĪ test case is specified as a sequence of codes, one per pin, specifying whether the pin is an input or output of the test chip. Note that the LED must be able to tolerate the forward current resulting from the inline two 150R resistors (approx 15mA). This device can also be used to test drive a pattern on an LED array or 7 segment display, with visual inspection to check the device's behaviour is correct. This device is intended to test 74** series chips but will work equally well with 4000 series CMOS or other 5v chips that don't need much supply current. However, the device can operate in identification mode if needed. ![]() This device was not intended to be used to identify IC's as I can read that off the top of the chip. Nostalgia - I built something with a similar function at university in 1984 but it was a much bigger physically and hooked up to a BBC PC.To have some fun getting a PCB made up (not having to etch it myself like the old days).To allow me to check my understanding of the functioning of certain interesting and rarely mentioned logic chips.To test a bunch of chips I bought from eBay and AliExpress.There were various motivations for building this: able to differentiate equivalent logic devices that differ only in terms output type open collector outputs vs regular push-pull outputs eg 7405 vs 7404.verifies correct functioning of tristate outputs.interactive mode for device exploration.Hardware design and PCB can be found on EasyEda : This software accompanies a hardware design for an integrated circuit test and exploratory tool. Integrated Circuit Tester & Exploratory Tool
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YEIBOBO ! 6 Channels Mini RC Submarine Toy (Blue) ![]() GizmoVine Mini Remote Control Boat for Kids Age 5-9, Fast Rc Boats for Pools Racing Submarine. Tipmant Kids Mini Remote Control Submarines Toys RC Boat Waterproof Diving Water Gift (Yellow) Tipmant Mini Remote Control Nuclear Submarine Toy RC Boat Electronic Water Kids Birthday Gifts. Nintendo Labo Toy-Con 03: Vehicle Kit - SwitchĮsOfficce 2.4 GHz Remote Control Shark Toy, 1:18 Scale High Simulation Shark, RC Shark for. LinkePow JR1958RX-2S Control Box Receiver Match 2.4G Bluetooth Remote Control, Mainboard. LEGO Speed Champions Chevrolet Corvette C8.R Race Car and 1969 Chevrolet Corvette 76903 Building. Tipmant Mini Remote Control Submarines Toys RC Boat Waterproof Diving Water Kids Gift (Blue)ĭiving Deep: How to Build and Operate Remote Controlled Submarines Tipmant Mini RC Submarine Toy Remote Control Boat Ship Electric Dive Water Fish Tank Kids. Tipmant Mini Radio Remote Control Nuclear Submarine Toy RC Boat Electric Water Kids Birthday. Tipmant Mini RC Submarine Remote Control Boat Ship Military Model Electronic Water Toy Diving for. Tipmant RC Submarine Toy Remote Control Boat Ship Electric Dive for Fish Tank Water Tub Kids. Tipmant Mini RC Fish Shark Remote Control Boat Ships & Submarine for Fish Tank, Swimming Pool. ![]() Jujuism Mini Remote Control Nuclear Submarine RC Race Boat Ship High Speed Waterproof Diving in. ![]() In many situations, it is perfectly common and acceptable for Japanese speakers to respond with a short, “ Iie, iie,” (literally, “No”). (No trouble at all.)Īs per today’s lesson, when someone has done a favor for you or has given you something as a gift, you may be inclined to express your gratitude by saying “Thank you,” or “ Arigatou gozaimasu.” However, don’t feel slighted if the person does not respond with a douitashimashite. (I’m sorry to trouble you.)ī: Douitashimashite. (No, no, the pleasure is mine.)Ī: O-tesuu o kakete sumimasen. (Oh, no, don’t mention it.)Ī: Iro iro to arigatou gozaimashita! (Thank you for everything!)Ī: Iro iro go-shinsetsu ni arigatou gozaimashita! (Thank you for all your kindness!)Ī: Tetsudatte kurete arigatou gozaimasu! (Thank you for all your help!)ī: Iie, douitashimashite. (You’re welcome.)Ī: Ban-gohan (hiru-gohan) o gochisou-sama deshita! (Thank you for treating me to dinner !)ī: Iie, douitashimashite. Also, take note of what person A says, for they are common phrases to use when thanking someone.Ī: Doumo arigatou gozaimashita! (Thank you very much!)ī: Iie, douitashimashite. Here are a few examples of common situations where we can use douitashimashite. “But.I haven’t done anything to deserve this gratitude (therefore, pay no mind).” “Nani o, shita to iu wake demo arimasen yo (dakara, ki ni nasaranaide kudasai).” どういたしまして ( Douitashimashite ):Īccording to wiktionary, the phrase is an amalgamation of this type of sentiment: Now, let us take a look at the next section to learn more about our key phrase douitashimashite and how to use it. Therefore, we arrive at the meaning “to do” for the kanji “ chi.”Ĭhi is then used to form itasu, which is a verb reserved for the most polite situations. Action and movement + strike! = a sense of something being accomplished, or a sense of doing. The meaning of hoku, “strike,” is the result of these actions coming together. The five definitions of shi listed above convey a sense of action and movement. The meaning of chi is derived from the combination of the definitions of shi and hoku. When combined together, the two radicals form the kanji “ chi.” ![]() The second radical, hoku, means “strike.” The first radical, shi, has a variety of meanings. These two radicals are 至 ( shi) on the left side and 攵 ( hoku) on the right. The character “ chi” is formed by taking two simpler characters, called “radicals,” and writing them side-by-side. In the word itasu, it makes up the “ ita” part of the word, and the hiraganacharacter “ su” is then attached to the end to form the verb “ itasu.” When it is attached to a word, it takes on a different sound. This kanjiis pronounced “ chi” when read by itself. Let’s take a closer look at the meaning of this kanji in the next section. When written in kanji, it looks like this: The phrase as a whole is usually written in hiragana, but sometimes itasu is written using kanji. Itasu (a polite verb for “to do”) is conjugated to the polite – masu form with the – te form added to the end. The phrase douitashimashite combines two Japanese words, the pronoun “ dou” and the verb “ itasu.”ĭou (how) is most often written in hiragana. You’re Welcome: How to Use Douitashimashite in Japanese 5.1 Learn Japanese Online with BondLingo?.1 You’re Welcome: How to Use Douitashimashite in Japanese. The lifelike randomness of the entire experience is horrifying, to say in the least. Step by step you will learn that language, and try to untangle the back story that explains the entire sinister agenda behind your journey.īesides aliens, you will witness entire civilizations go extinct in space wars or planetary cataclysms, giant and tiny parasites trying to feed on you or your spaceship – well, tons of things actually. On other occasions, you will meet intelligent life forms and they will speak a language you don’t understand. You can come across the remnants of these every once in a while in Out There, and your best option is if you find some gizmo or learn a new technology that may help you expand your ship and fly faster or further. I was afraid of that, but there they are – ancient intelligent civilizations lying in ruins, extinct. We are not unique, and we have no destiny other than the one we make for ourselves.” And yet I now know that intelligent life is recurrent in the universe. The nameless astronaut even elaborates on the perks of being a sentient organism – “ Back on our poor old rock, Earth, we imagined that intelligent life was a divine scheme… that we were unique… that we had a destiny. So much more.īesides the supplies, you will come across other elements, which can be used to craft the technologies you learn, and you learn new technologies from the alien races you come across in the vast and endless universe. As a result, the majority of the gameplay is a thoughtful resource management, but there is more to it. Your ship is rather functional in a way that it can probe and mine for resources, but it’s also limited because it only has a set amount of slots to store the elements you mine and the technologies you build. You fly from star to star, exploring the planets nearby to replenish your meager stock of the said fuel, oxygen and metal supplies. From here, your journey begins every time you start from scratch – the same ship, the same stock, the same entry point. You play as an astronaut on a mission gone terribly wrong, and you wake up from stasis in an unknown sector of the universe with a very limited stock of fuel, oxygen and metal to repair the hull. ![]() Out There is a lonesome, desperate attempt to survive alone and lost in space. ![]() In terms of gameplay mechanics, little has changed, but let me throw in a brief overview for those who haven’t played it before. Default is "domain" for axes containing image traces, "range" otherwise. If this axis needs to be compressed (either due to its own `scaleanchor` and `scaleratio` or those of the other axis), determines how that happens: by increasing the "range", or by decreasing the "domain". Type: enumerated, one of ( "range" | "domain" ) Grid color is lightened by blending this with the plot background Individual pieces can override this. Sets default for all colors associated with this axis all at once: line, font, tick, and grid colors. Similarly, the order can be determined by the min, max, sum, mean or median of all the values. Set `categoryorder` to "total ascending" or "total descending" if order should be determined by the numerical order of the values. The unspecified categories will follow the categories in `categoryarray`. If a category is not found in the `categoryarray` array, the sorting behavior for that attribute will be identical to the "trace" mode. Set `categoryorder` to "array" to derive the ordering from the attribute `categoryarray`. Set `categoryorder` to "category ascending" or "category descending" if order should be determined by the alphanumerical order of the category names. By default, plotly uses "trace", which specifies the order that is present in the data supplied. Specifies the ordering logic for the case of categorical variables. Type: enumerated, one of ( "trace" | "category ascending" | "category descending" | "array" | "total ascending" | "total descending" | "min ascending" | "min descending" | "max ascending" | "max descending" | "sum ascending" | "sum descending" | "mean ascending" | "mean descending" | "median ascending" | "median descending" ) Only has an effect if `categoryorder` is set to "array". Sets the order in which categories on this axis appear. This does not set the calendar for interpreting data on this axis, that's specified in the trace or via the global `layout.calendar` Sets the calendar system to use for `range` and `tick0` if this is a date axis. Type: enumerated, one of ( "chinese" | "coptic" | "discworld" | "ethiopian" | "gregorian" | "hebrew" | "islamic" | "jalali" | "julian" | "mayan" | "nanakshahi" | "nepali" | "persian" | "taiwan" | "thai" | "ummalqura" ) ![]() Using "convert types" a numeric string in trace data may be treated as a number during automatic axis `type` detection. Using "strict" a numeric string in trace data is not converted to a number. Type: enumerated, one of ( "convert types" | "strict" ) ![]() Only has an effect if `anchor` is set to "free". This repositioning will account for any `shift` amount applied to other axes on the same side with `autoshift` is set to TRUE. If `range` is provided, then `autorange` is set to "FALSE".Īutomatically reposition the axis to avoid overlap with other axes with the same `overlaying` value. ![]() Type: enumerated, one of ( TRUE | FALSE | "reversed" )ĭetermines whether or not the range of this axis is computed in relation to the input data. Any combination of "height", "width", "left", "right", "top", "bottom" joined with a "+" OR TRUE or FALSE.Įxamples: "height", "width", "height+width", "height+width+left", "TRUE"ĭetermines whether long tick labels automatically grow the figure margins. If set to "free", this axis' position is determined by `position`. `x2`, `y`), this axis is bound to the corresponding opposite-letter axis. If set to an opposite-letter axis id (e.g. Type: named list containing one or more of the keys listed below. ![]() Touma has a unique power called Imagine Breaker which grants him the power to nullify any kind of magic and psychical ability that someone throws at him with on touch. Getting dragged into the world of magicians and psychics Touma decides to project Index at all cost even if he will cost him his life. She says that she’s on a run from dangerous sorcerers who want to use her as a tool where they can access the 1003000 million forbidden magical text that she memorised in her head. The story follows a level zero esper named Touma_Kamijou who as he was leaving his home comes across a young none named Index hanging outside of his balcony. Let’s find out, shall we?Īcademy City is a central point for all scientific environments housing espers capable of displaying incredible super psychic powers. Now with said did my opinion of A Certain Magical Index changed for the better or for the worse. Rather then waiting for Higurashi to come back in stock in the following I decided to give A Certain Magical Index a second chance by not only buying the series but I also re-watching the series. I originally wanted to get Higurashi When They Cry Season 1 but the series was sold out. One day when I was out looking for anime to buy a month before season 3 began airing I saw both seasons of A Certain Magical Index in an anime sell. ![]() ![]() This was basically my first watch of A Certain Magical Index in a nutshell and it wasn’t a happy experience for me at all. Apart from the first arc as well arcs that have Accelerator focused I honestly cannot the life of me stand the series mainly because it’s a badly paced action harem that is filled with plot conveniences, asspulls and terrible writing. Now unlike Full Metal Panic, Inazuma Eleven and Legend of The Galactic Heroes I didn’t get excited for Index Season 3 at all mainly because I didn’t like A Certain Magical Index all that much. Needless to say I enjoyed the Raildex for what it is despite its numerous flaws. On one hand, I really adored certain elements of the series such as Sisters arc in Railgun S and the first arc of Index while I hated such as Touma Gary Sue preachy power-ups speeches and the contrived Silent Party Arc of Railgun S. Ever since I was introduced to the series from my group of friends my opinion of the RailDex series has been all over the place. When he learns from Index that he can't help heal her wounds using magic as it can only be use by normal people, Toma brings her to the only normal person he knows for help, his teacher, Komoe Tsukuyomi.I have a complex relationship with the Raildex series. ![]() It is only when Index other personality, John's pen mode, reveals the creatures powers comes from Runes place around the building that Toma is able improvise and defeat Innocentius and Stiyl using the sprinklers to destroy the Runes as they were on paper and rescue Index. Styil then summons a fire creature named Innocentius which Toma can't stop as the creature keeps regenerating itself from his attacks. Toma, angered by Stiyl's ill treatment of Index attacks him and he counterattack by using Fire magic but is surprised when Toma nullify s the spell. The magician reveal himself as Stiyl Magnus and explain that his partner Kaori unintentionally hurt Index as her Magical garb was suppose to stop the blow and his mission to 'protect' Index or actually the Index-Librorum-Prohibitorum, the 103,000 books implanted in her mind as she possess photographic memory. ![]() It's very important that you keep your Tracking Number in case we need to locate your return.Please visit your local Package Carrier to purchase a return label.Make sure the products are in the same condition as when you received them (unworn, unwashed, and undamaged). Print out the packing list and include with your return.Review and verify your selections and submit your return.Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each item you wish to return.If an item says “contact customer service” this means it is FINAL SALE and isn’t eligible for return.Select a reason for the return and then click on E-gift card.You will be presented with your order history.Enter your Order Number and Billing Zip Code.Or, you can login to your account and start the return process directly from your order history. Items returned in poor condition will be returned to the customer as Final Sale. Shipping is non-refundable, unless there was a mistake on our end.Store credit is issued in the form of a E-gift card. Eligible returns are for STORE CREDIT only.The Mint Julep Boutique accepts Returns *within 30 days* of the purchase date. **Items returned in poor condition will be sent back to the customer as Final Sale.Swimwear missing, unattached sanitary liner.Personalized or Custom made-to-order items.BOGO, B2G2, Mystery Bags, Doorbusters, etc.Sale Category or items discounted 30% or greater.FINAL SALE items are not eligible for return.Damaged or Missing Items: If you were sent a damage, incorrect or missing item, please contact our customer service team within 3 business days of receiving your order.Orders cannot be changed, modified, or canceled after checkout.Items should be unworn, unwashed, undamaged, and returned in their original packaging where possible.All returns must be received *within 30 days* of the purchase date.Returns are for STORE CREDIT only and issued via email as an E-gift card.We gladly accept returns of unworn, unwashed, undamaged, or defective merchandise purchased online *within 30 days* of the purchase date for store credit. For garment specific measurements, please visit the product page for each style Fit can vary depending on style and brand. ** This chart reflects estimated measurements. General Size Guide - * Informational Purposes Only* Our Size This will show you where the pants will hit on you. Measure on yourself from where the crotch inseam would hit down the inseam measurement. For the length: The best way to determine the length, is to use the inseam measurement.From there, measure around your waist to see if your measurement aligns with the waistband size of the bottoms. Measure on yourself where the crotch inseam would hit up the rise measurement to your waist. For the waist: Click on the size you are interested in, and look at the “rise” measurement.Measure on yourself from your shoulder down the length measurement to see where the top will hit on you. If you are wanting to know how long the top/dress is, look at the “length” measurement.To see if this will fit how you like, we recommend comparing the measurements to a similar top you have in your closet! Keep in mind, a lot of oversized looks have a larger bust.Measure on yourself around the largest part of your bust and this number should correspond to the size you want. Click on the size you are interested in and check out the bust measurement.Inseam : Measure from the inner crotch seam to the bottom hem of the leg.Hips: Measure the widest part from side to side and then double. ![]()
![]() The Quadruple Aim is the natural development of the Triple Aim, which started out as a means of optimising health system performance by suggesting that organisations working in healthcare pursue 3 key objectives: improving the health of the population, enhancing the patient experience of care, and reducing the overall cost of healthcare. “Is the staff who is supporting and providing care and services finding fulfilment in their work?”.“When we deliver care, are we doing so efficiently, or in such a way that reduces the overall cost / increases the value for money?”,.“When people require, or access services, is their experience of care good?”,.“Is the health of the population improving?”,.Put simply, the Quadruple Aim encourages system leaders to ask themselves the following questions: What Is the Quadruple Aim & How Is It Maturing? ![]() Reducing the per capita cost of healthcare.Īlthough the Triple Aim was developed with a population focus in mind, I personally believe that population health is something that should permeate all parts of the system – it’s how the community, education, housing, local government and, of course, health come together that determines its success.Improving the patient experience of care (including quality and satisfaction),.The Triple Aim was originally described as:įigure 2. It was first introduced by the Institute of Healthcare Improvement (of which Don was founder and CEO) and published in Health Affairs in 2008. T herefore, in this context, it’s no surprise that the impact of Don Berwick’s succinct and beautifully described Triple Aim of healthcare has been so strong. ![]() After all, patients/customers will choose another provider if their experience is poor, profitability will suffer if costs outstrip income, and, if the outcomes of the service do not deliver what is promised, the reputation of the organisation will be damaged. Of course, they are all right, as their CEO might demand that all three objectives are achieved. Measuring value, however, is notoriously subjective - a Finance Director might describe value in terms of bottom-line savings or increased efficiencies, an Operational Manager might see value as achieving results (successful surgery), and a Customer Services Director will view this in terms of patient/customer satisfaction ( Patient Reported Experience Measures ). However, at Objectivity, we want the project to not only be successfully delivered, but for it to add value. Whether a client asks us to develop a software solution for them to improve efficiencies, or an application to better support patients receiving care at home, we’re willing and able to help. The Quadruple Aim of Healthcare is a major source of inspiration for us at Objectivity when working with our healthcare clients. It’s fair to say that (elsewhere) some technology solutions have attracted attention for being implemented without fully understanding the system-level problem they seek to address. Of course, we need to deliver results - therefore, it’s tremendously important to not only share values with our clients, but to ensure that we communicate and agree on common goals. We’re privileged to be able to work with amazing, innovative clients that share our values and strive to do good.
![]() Please call 72 for details about services offered, hours and appointments. Download a hotel lodging guide (.pdf) to find lodging options near our hospital if you are staying for an extended period of time. Navo Kumar and Dining Chef were very helpful. ![]() Reception, Dining, House keeping staff are good and very helpful. ![]() (It had actually been temporarily closed since March 16. We know that some of our patients travel across the country to visit us. Hotel is well located with good parking space. Forever an institution, the Highland Park Cafeteria is permanently closing. Here, we serve families in south Denver including Highlands Ranch, Littleton, Greenwood Village, Lone Tree, Englewood, Centennial, Parker and Castle Pines areas. Jade Cafe Chinese, 822 Central Avenue, Restaurants / Carry Out / Catering. Children's Hospital Colorado's South Campus, Highlands Ranch, offers Dual Track™ - both urgent and 24/7 emergency care for kids in one convenient location, closer to home.Īt South Campus, we also offer a wide range of expert pediatric care, including surgical services, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders with Infusion services, outpatient and inpatient care, specialist care by appointment, and advanced diagnostics including outpatient laboratory and imaging services. Highland Park Hospital NorthShore University HealthSystem, 777 Park Ave W. Find your favorite food and enjoy your meal. Our physicians at HP OBGYN diagnose and treat various women’s health issues, including endometriosis, uterine fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), vaginal infections, pelvic pain, and abnormal bleeding.Whether you need a pediatric emergency room or urgent care, you're in the right place. Up to date NorthShore Highland Park Hospital menu and prices, including breakfast, dinner, kid's meal and more. The doctors provide preconception counseling, infertility treatments, and prenatal care, as well as personalized menopause management. Patients have access to preventive health care, such as well-woman exams, breast exams, cervical cancer screening, STD testing, and contraception management. Their personalized approach allows patients to develop a special doctor-patient relationship, usually seeing one provider throughout their prenatal care and the birth of their newborn baby. Highland Hospital Cafeteria is a Restaurant located at 1411 E 31st St, Highland Park, Oakland, California 94602, US. The team recognizes the care throughout your pregnancy and delivery is extremely important. Visiting a patient in the hospital, Cafeteria, Gift Shop, Chapel, Business Office, Social Work, Outpatient Clinic. They pride themselves in building a unique and special relationship throughout their patient’s life journeys. Regan Valfer value every patient as if they were a part of their own family. Highland Park OB-GYN Associates in Northbrook, Illinois, offers a comprehensive range of women’s health care and OB/GYN services to patients of all ages, often multigenerational women from the same family. Aramark is currently looking for Food Service Worker-Utility-Evanston Hospital-Starting Hourly Rate 17 near Evanston. Highland Park OB-GYN Associates, led by a father and daughter team, Steven Valfer, MD, and Regan Valfer, MD, is a unique medical practice specializing in Obstetrics and Gynecology for over 40 years. ![]() For computationally intensive tasks, C, C++, and Fortran code can be linked and called at run time. R and its libraries implement various statistical techniques, including linear, generalized linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, spatial and time-series analysis, classification, clustering, and others. Instead, a scalar is represented as a length-one vector. Data frames contain a list of vectors of the same length, plus a unique set of row names. Lists serve as collections of objects that do not necessarily have the same data type. The special case of an array with two dimensions is called a matrix. R supports array arithmetics and in this regard is like languages such as APL and MATLAB. That is, given an ordered collection of dimensions, one fills in values along the first dimension first, then fills in one-dimensional arrays across the second dimension, and so on. Vectors are ordered collections of values and can be mapped to arrays of one or more dimensions in a column major order. R's data structures include vectors, arrays, lists, and data frames. In April 2003, the R Foundation was founded as a non-profit organization to provide further support for the R project. Stefano Iacus, Guido Masarotto, Heiner Schwarte, Seth Falcon, Martin Morgan, and Duncan Murdoch were members. As of January 2022, it consists of Chambers, Gentleman, Ihaka, and Mächler, plus statisticians Douglas Bates, Peter Dalgaard, Kurt Hornik, Michael Lawrence, Friedrich Leisch, Uwe Ligges, Thomas Lumley, Sebastian Meyer, Paul Murrell, Martyn Plummer, Brian Ripley, Deepayan Sarkar, Duncan Temple Lang, Luke Tierney, and Simon Urbanek, as well as computer scientist Tomas Kalibera. The R Core Team was formed in 1997 to further develop the language. As of December 2022, it has 103 mirrors and 18,976 contributed packages. CRAN originally had three mirrors and 12 contributed packages. ![]() Its name and scope mimics the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network and the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) was founded in 1997 by Kurt Hornik and Fritz Leisch to host R's source code, executable files, documentation, and user-created packages. The first official 1.0 version was released on 29 February 2000. R officially became a GNU project on 5 December 1997 when version 0.60 released. Mailing lists for the R project began on 1 April 1997 preceding the release of version 0.50. In June 1995, statistician Martin Mächler convinced Ihaka and Gentleman to make R free and open-source under the GNU General Public License. Ihaka and Gentleman first shared binaries of R on the data archive StatLib and the s-news mailing list in August 1993. ![]() The name of the language comes from being an S language successor and the shared first letter of the authors, Ross and Robert. The language took heavy inspiration from the S programming language with most S programs able to run unaltered in R as well as from Scheme's lexical scoping allowing for local variables. R was started by professors Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman as a programming language to teach introductory statistics at the University of Auckland. Multiple third-party graphical user interfaces are also available, such as RStudio, an integrated development environment, and Jupyter, a notebook interface. Precompiled executables are provided for various operating systems. It is written primarily in C, Fortran, and R itself (partially self-hosting). The official R software environment is an open-source free software environment released as part of the GNU Project and available under the GNU General Public License. As of April 2023, R ranks 16th in the TIOBE index, a measure of programming language popularity, in which the language peaked in 8th place in August 2020. ![]() The core R language is augmented by a large number of extension packages containing reusable code and documentation.Īccording to user surveys and studies of scholarly literature databases, R is one of the most commonly used programming languages in data mining. Created by statisticians Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman, R is used among data miners, bioinformaticians and statisticians for data analysis and developing statistical software. R is a programming language for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R Core Team and the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. |
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